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Thermodynamics Introduction

Thermo = heat Dynamic = motion  The branch of science which deals with the quantitative relationships between heat and other forms of energy is called thermodynamics.  Common Thermodynamic terms  System: The part of the universe which is chosen for the study or thermodynamic  consideration.  Surroundings : the remaining portion of the universe (excluding system)  Boundary : by which  the system remains separated from the surroundings  Types of system  Open system :  both heat and matter transfer takes place  Closed System : only heat transfer occurs. No exchange of matter  Isolated System : neither heat nor matter  Transfer occurs.  Extensive properties  Those properties which depend upon the quantity of the matter taken in the system example: Volume , mass, energy etc.  Intensive properties  Those properties which do not depend upon the quantity of the matter but upon the nature of the matter are inten...
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Aldol condensation easy mechanism

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Aldol Condensation  (Ald +ol) = aldehyde + alcohol  Aldehydes or Ketones  having at least one  alpha H atom , undergo condensation reaction in presence of dilute alkali to give beta hydroxy aldehyde or beta hydroxy ketone which are called as Aldol. *beta hydroxy ketone is also called as Aldol instead of ketol because reaction involves the same mechanism path. Mechanism   Aldol condensation is  a nucleophilic addition reaction.  It involves three steps  1. Formation of  a Carbanion (nucleophile)      *  Alpha H atoms are acidic in nature and easily       replaceable as a proton . 2. Nucleophilic attack on carbonyl carbon atom      *  Due to the difference in electronegativity of oxygen and carbon atom, carbonyl group is polar in nature.  Electrons are shifted towards more electronegative oxygen atom as a result carbon acquires positive and oxygen attains a negative charge. Now el...
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My first blog

Hello  This is Sonika, who is a chemist and lives in Lucknow.   I've completed my M.Sc. in 2006 from a reputed university then I joined a multinational company where I've learnt to extract and isolate various organic compounds from essential oils. It was a great practical experience where I knew the Chemistry of Indian herbs.  In 2009, I've started work in Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.  Here, we extract ,isolate, determine the structure of compounds from plant parts and transform them into biologically active compounds. I've isolated many terpenoids from fresh fruits of neem which are published in journal of Indian chemical society.  In 2015, I started sharing my knowledge as a teacher in a reputed College.  Chemistry is a very important and interesting subject, it has the power to make anyone successful.  I hope you would like my post. Please give feedback and comments.  See you in the next post!
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