Chemistry in life

Thermo = heat Dynamic = motion  The branch of science which deals with the quantitative relationships between heat and other forms of energy is called thermodynamics.  Common Thermodynamic terms  System: The part of the universe which is chosen for the study or thermodynamic  consideration.  Surroundings : the remaining portion of the universe (excluding system)  Boundary : by which  the system remains separated from the surroundings  Types of system  Open system :  both heat and matter transfer takes place  Closed System : only heat transfer occurs. No exchange of matter  Isolated System : neither heat nor matter  Transfer occurs.  Extensive properties  Those properties which depend upon the quantity of the matter taken in the system example: Volume , mass, energy etc.  Intensive properties  Those properties which do not depend upon the quantity of the matter but upon the nature of the matter are inten...

Aldol Condensation  (Ald +ol) = aldehyde + alcohol  Aldehydes or Ketones  having at least one  alpha H atom , undergo condensation reaction in presence of dilute alkali to give beta hydroxy aldehyde or beta hydroxy ketone which are called as Aldol. *beta hydroxy ketone is also called as Aldol instead of ketol because reaction involves the same mechanism path. Mechanism   Aldol condensation is  a nucleophilic addition reaction.  It involves three steps  1. Formation of  a Carbanion (nucleophile)      *  Alpha H atoms are acidic in nature and easily       replaceable as a proton . 2. Nucleophilic attack on carbonyl carbon atom      *  Due to the difference in electronegativity of oxygen and carbon atom, carbonyl group is polar in nature.  Electrons are shifted towards more electronegative oxygen atom as a result carbon acquires positive and oxygen attains a negative charge. Now el...